indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
last; final; end; conclusion; rust
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
not quite (right); not very good; somewhat (lacking)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed