indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
staff; stuff; stuffing; filling
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
fan; enthusiast; lover (of); fan (e.g. electric)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
once; one time; one round; one game; one bout; one heat
pause; suspension; rest; stoppage
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...