indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
wherein; therein; thereinto
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
staff; stuff; stuffing; filling
riding together; sharing a car (taxi, etc.); doing in collaboration; backing of the same candidate by different political parties
shumai; shaomai; steamed meat dumpling (Chinese-style)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk