indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
delivering an order; dispatch of an order; messenger; orderly; runner
to say; to tell; to state; to do
close associate; close aide; brains-truster
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
honorific/polite/humble prefix
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
than; from; out of; except; but; more
messenger; envoy; emissary
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
defense; defence; defensive preparations
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to harden; to freeze; to put together; to collect; to make secure; to stabilize; to fortify
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
samurai general (esp. during the Sengoku period)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
commander; general; leader
special Nara-period administrative division for areas containing a detached palace (Yoshino and Izumi); secretary; third highest-ranking officials in the Dazaifu
testimony; (verbal) evidence
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
thunder; thunderclap; crash of thunder
abundant (grain) crop; good harvest
family name; lineage; birth; clan
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you