indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
door; gate; opening; title page
opening and shutting; opening and closing
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
all-out attack; general offensive
ghost; specter; spectre; apparition; phantom
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
how; in what way; how about
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
substantiation; materialization; materialisation; (specific to object language classes) instantiation
to think out; to devise; to invent; to begin to think; to come up with a plan
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience