indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
father; dad; husband; you; he
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
giga-; 10^9; gigabyte; GB; data traffic (esp. on mobile phone)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
knack; skill; bone; skeleton; cremated remains (esp. the bones); ashes
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
how; in what way; how about
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)