to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
passerby; pedestrian; foot passenger
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
to watch over; to watch attentively
accused; defendant; prisoner at the bar
penal servitude; imprisonment with hard labor (hard labour)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to manage; to deal with; to cope with; to sentence; to condemn; to punish
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to commit a crime; to commit a sin
arrest; apprehension; capture
origin; source; birthplace; release from prison; discharge from prison; exit
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to begin some form of lifestyle
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
fault; error; indiscretion; faux pas
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to shake; to tremble; to sway; to be unsettled; to be unstable; to fluctuate
how; in what way; how about