indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
cry (of an animal); call; chirp; song; caw; roar
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
dream; dream; hope; unrealistic aspiration; daydream; delusion
like; similar to; something like ...; someone like ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
scenery; scene; landscape
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
student (esp. a university student)
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about; questionable
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
meal (e.g. lunch, dinner); diet
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
thank you for waiting; sorry to have kept you waiting
oh; ah; if there is; as for that; that is
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
proficient; skilled; skillful; enjoying to the full; full satisfaction; being satiated (with)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn, restaurant, or shop); landlady; hostess; mistress; female innkeeper
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
well-cooked; well-done; browned
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...