indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
scenery; scene; landscape
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
student (esp. a university student)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about; questionable
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
thank you for waiting; sorry to have kept you waiting
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
proficient; skillful; enjoying; satisfaction; satiation
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
well-cooked; well-done; browned
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo