bell (used for summoning or signalling); buzzer
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
should; must; -able; probably; likely
don't you think?; indicates question
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thank you for waiting; sorry to have kept you waiting
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
heigh-ho; heave-ho; alley oop
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
kamishibai; storytelling with pictures; form of Japanese street theater and storytelling (popular from the 1930s to the 1950s)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till