cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); feline; shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom (submissive partner of a homosexual relationship)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
cry (of an animal); call; chirp; song; caw; roar
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
First Sino-Japanese war (1894-1895)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
China under the Qing dynasty; Qing China; Qing dynasty
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
victory; triumph; win; conquest; success
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
the West; the Occident; Western countries
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to press down; to hold down; to pin down; to suppress (feelings, disorder, opposition, etc.); to repress
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
self-confidence; confidence (in oneself)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take back; to get back; to regain; to recover; to restore; to recoup
within the country; inside the county; domestic; home; internal
good times; boom; (wave of) prosperity
to grow hot (e.g. water); to boil; to get excited (at); to erupt (in applause, cheering, etc.); to ferment; to melt (of metal)
all present; all concerned; all of us
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
order (from one's superior); command; what you say; (someone's) words
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
clearing one's throat; cough
this occasion; at this time; now
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)