cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
First Sino-Japanese war (1894-1895)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
China under the Qing dynasty; Qing China; Qing dynasty
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
the West; the Occident; Western countries
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to press down; to hold down; to pin down; to suppress (feelings, disorder, opposition, etc.); to repress
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
self-confidence; confidence (in oneself)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
good times; boom; (wave of) prosperity
to grow hot (e.g. water); to boil; to get excited (at); to erupt (in applause, cheering, etc.); to ferment; to melt (of metal)
all present; all concerned; all of us
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
order (from one's superior); command; what you say; (someone's) words
in that way; thus; so; so?
clearing one's throat; cough
this occasion; at this time; now
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
rough fence of bamboo, logs, etc. constructed at battle sites or execution grounds