indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
air con; air conditioner; air conditioning
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
March; third month of the lunar calendar
twenty-sixth day of the month; twenty-six days
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
electronic parts (components)
manufacturer (esp. a major company); producer; maker; device for making things; person who creates things
company president; manager; director
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Sagami (former province located in present-day Kanagawa Prefecture)
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
study; library; den; home office; reading room
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to die; to draw one's last breath; to breathe one's last
dying from blood loss; bleeding to death; hemorrhaging to death
police; police officer; police station
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sleeping pill; sleep medication
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
inside; interior; inner part
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
going in and out; entering and exiting; visiting regularly; frequenting; income and expenditure; incomings and outgoings; increase and decrease
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do