twelve o'clock; noon; midnight
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
how long; how far; how much
to pass (of time); to elapse
don't you think?; indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to miss (e.g. a chance); to lose; to set free; to let go; to fail to ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
observation; survey; watching
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
bye-bye; good-bye; see you; saying goodbye; parting
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
anciently; formerly; old times; a long time ago
Keichō era (1596.10.27-1615.7.13)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; known as; so to speak
first generation; founder
after that; afterwards; thereafter
Meireki era (1655.4.13-1658.7.23)
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...