indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
birth; creation; formation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
gaining total control (of people or counties); suppression; oppression; control; mastery; ascendancy
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
ten thousand years; eternity; perennial; perpetual
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to play a leading role; to play a central part
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around; having an active sex life
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
(mental) agony; anguish; suffering; distress
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to fish; to angle; to catch; to lure in; to tempt; to attract
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
talent; gift; function; noh (theatre)
energy; military strength
hit; success; guess; prediction; affability; friendliness; sensation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?