indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
well-behaved (esp. children and pets); obedient; good
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
by nature; by birth; naturally; natural; innate
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
administration (of medicine)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
rat (esp. laboratory or pet)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to name; to call; to christen; to term
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
clinical study; clinical trial
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to peek (through a keyhole, gap, etc.); to look down into (a ravine, etc.); to peek into (a shop, bookstore, etc.); to sneak a look at; to take a quick look at; to peep (through a telescope, microscope, etc.); to stick out (a scarf from a collar, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
name; given name; first name
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o