year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Oedipus complex; sexual attraction to one's mother
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
fastidiousness; fussiness about cleanliness, etc.; clean-freak
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to shut one's eyes; to ignore; to pretend not to know; to die
income; receipts; revenue
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
appearance; (outward) looks; exterior appearance
passing mark; qualifying marks (score)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
pardon; forgiveness; forbearance
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
sexless; without sex; sexlessness
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to satisfy (conditions, one's appetite, etc.); to meet (e.g. demands); to fulfill; to fill (e.g. a cup); to pack; to supply
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
opening (a new store, golf course, runway, etc.); open; frank; open (car, collar, tournament, etc.)