female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
murder; homicide; manslaughter
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
full of (e.g. mistakes); riddled with; covered all over with (blood, mud, etc.)
family; members of a family
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
free (of charge); gratuitous
consultation; discussion; discussing; asking (somebody) for advice
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
hunting; harvesting (e.g. berries, fruit); picking; gathering
preliminary inspection; having a look in advance; preparatory read-through (e.g. of lesson notes); siding (on a house); clapboard
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
father; dad; husband; you; he
nursery school; day nursery; preschool
staff member; employee; worker; personnel
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
telephone call; telephone (device)
after a long time; for the first time in a while
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest