indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
process; course; mechanism
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
combination; union; binding; bond
disassembly; dismantling; factorization; decomposition; resolution; deblocking
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to repeat; to do something over again
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
maturing; ripening; aging; ageing; curing; fermenting
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
like this; this sort; this way
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
heating; application of heat
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
dark brown; colour of tanned skin
material; substance; matter
to create; to bring forth; to invent; to think up and bring into being; to give birth to; to bear
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
spread-out sail; full sail; (sailing) downwind
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
representative; exemplary; model
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
slightly difficult; somewhat bothersome; troublesome; peevish; querulous
question; inquiry; enquiry
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's