previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
incomprehensible; mysterious; inexplicable; inscrutable; enigmatic; baffling
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
dangerous weapon; lethal weapon; deadly weapon; murder weapon
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pot; jar; dice cup; depression; basin (e.g. of a waterfall); aim; what one wants
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
heaven and earth; the universe; land; world; top and bottom; gods of heaven and earth
(arch.) gourd; (arch.) calabash; (arch.) bottle gourd; dried gourd, used as flask
selflessness; self-effacement; self-renunciation; anatta; anatman; doctrine that states that humans do not possess souls
why; how; for what reason
that far; so far; to that extent; stop!; not one step further!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
commemoration; celebration; remembrance; memento; souvenir; keepsake
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to show; to display; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist)
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
police; police officer; police station; self-appointed enforcer (of a rule, standard, etc.); busybody
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take (a photograph); to record (audio or video); to film; to shoot
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
look!; see!; here!; there!; hey!
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
key; lock; key (to a problem, success, etc.); clue
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
thin; slender; fine; unlucky
to take out; to produce; to pick out; to fetch; to retrieve
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...