previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
incomprehensible; mysterious; inexplicable; inscrutable; enigmatic; baffling
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
dangerous weapon; lethal weapon; deadly weapon; murder weapon
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pot; jar; dice cup; depression; basin (e.g. of a waterfall); aim; what one wants
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
heaven and earth; the universe; top and bottom; gods of heaven and earth
(arch.) gourd; (arch.) calabash; (arch.) bottle gourd; dried gourd, used as flask
selflessness; self-effacement; self-renunciation; anatta; anatman; doctrine that states that humans do not possess souls
go that far; to that extent
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
commemoration; celebration; honoring the memory of something; turning something into a memento; memory
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
police; police officer; police station
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
thin; slender; fine; unlucky
to take out; to produce; to pick out; to fetch; to retrieve
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...