indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
woman; female; feminine gender
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't you think?; indicates question
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
at the most; at best; to the utmost; as much as possible; as much as one can
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
beginning; outset; first; onset
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
two persons; two people; pair; couple
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
of uncertain meaning; ambiguous; cryptic; nonsensical; incomprehensible; perplexing
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
top-heavy; big-headed; overly-theoretical
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough