indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
least; lowest; worst; awful; horrible; at the very least
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
(undesirable but) inseparable relationship
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
greeting; greetings; speech (congratulatory or appreciative); address; reply; response; revenge
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
shrewdly; smartly; calculatingly; astutely; cunningly
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
parting gift; remembrance; aftereffect
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
absolutely; unconditionally; never (with neg. verb)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
illness; disease; bad habit; weakness; fault
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
to fit into (a box, frame, category, etc.); to be contained within; to settle down (into); to be installed (in one's rightful place); to settle into (one's position); to take up (a post)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name