honorific/polite/humble prefix
tuber; taro; yokel; bumpkin; dud; worthless thing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
please (give me); please (do for me)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
on purpose; deliberately; intentionally
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
debt; loan; liabilities; borrowing money
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
livelihood protection; public assistance; welfare
receiving payments (pension, ration)
qualifications; requirements; capabilities
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
weak person; the weak; vulnerable person; disadvantaged person
looking like a ...; acting as if a ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
crowd of people; great number of people; in great numbers
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such; like that; that sort of; very
exclusion; removal; rejection; elimination; abatement; lifting (sanctions, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
should; must; -able; probably; likely
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
otherwise; or else; if not
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
restaurant (esp. Western-style)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
receiving an electric shock
by means of; due to; because of; according to
man; male; masculine gender