indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
fucking; screwing; having sex
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
meddling; interfering; choosing to keep the drawn tile and discarding a different one
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
oak tree; (arch.) imperial palace guard
staff; member (club, society, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
declining; refusal; nonacceptance; turning down; withdrawal (e.g. of candidacy); pulling out (e.g. of a race)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as