indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to fit (e.g. a pane into a frame); to insert (e.g. a cork); to put on (something that envelops; e.g. a ring, gloves); to place (a hoop) around; to pigeonhole (into a particular category); to force (into a mold); to entrap
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
meddling; interfering; choosing to keep the drawn tile and discarding a different one
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; club (at a school, university, etc.); team; part; portion
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
oak tree; (arch.) imperial palace guard
staff; member (club, society, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
why; how; for what reason
declining; refusal; nonacceptance; turning down; withdrawal (e.g. of candidacy); pulling out (e.g. of a race)
bad; wrong; must not (do, be); should not; useless; no good; hopeless
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to say; to tell; to state; to do