indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
police officer; policeman; policewoman
police; police officer; police station
bad guy; villain; evildoer; scoundrel
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to catch; to capture; to grab; to clutch; to catch hold of (someone); to stop (e.g. a stranger in the street)
consequence; outcome; result; blame
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
absolutely; unconditionally; never (with neg. verb)
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow (a person); to accompany; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
top brass; upper echelon; higher-ups; top management; upper reaches; top of the pile
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
all present; all concerned; all of us
body; group; party; company; troupe
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
go that far; to that extent
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
meeting up; gathering; assembly; set
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo