indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
merit (esp. order of merit)
deputy secretary (government); deputy director
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
educational institution; school; academy; campus
adhesion; conglutination; accretion; collusion; collusive relationship; cozy relationship
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
key; lock; key (to a problem, success, etc.); clue
secret accounts; second set of accounts
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to get torn; to tear; to rip; to be broken off (of negotiations, etc.); to break down; to collapse
place; point; part; counter for places, parts, passages, etc.
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
name; given name; first name
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
proof; evidence; sign; witnessing; testifying; testimony
fault; error; indiscretion; faux pas
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(lit.) blood flows; to have the blood of ... running in one's veins (artist, warrior, etc.); to be born with particular skills, characteristics, etc.; to have something "in one's blood"
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
taking (a suspect to the police); dragging (someone) away
bribe; sweetener; douceur
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch