indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
search (esp. in criminal investigations); investigation; inquiry; enquiry
section manager; section chief
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
police officer; policeman; policewoman
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
fragment; scrap; cut end; cut-off piece; chip; odds and ends
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
cap (headwear); cap (of a bottle, pen, etc.); leader; chief
offender; criminal; culprit