Yodogawa Nagaharu (1909.4.10-1998.11.11)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
imitating; copying; mimicry; behavior; behaviour; action
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
broadcasting; broadcast; program; announcement
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
master; teacher; stable master
garden shrubs; trees; potted plant
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Komatsu Masao (1942.1.10-2020.12.7)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
assistant (esp. in show business or sumo); attendant; chaperon
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to digest; to break down; to break to pieces; to be able to use; to be good at; to finish; to complete
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
apiece; each; at a time; piecemeal
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few