indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
hey; hello; wow; oh; oomph; heave-ho
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
door (esp. Japanese-style); shutter; window shutter; (arch.) entrance (to a home); (arch.) narrows
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
older sister; lass; young lady
thank you for your hard work; I appreciate your efforts
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
suffix for familiar person
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
black-market lending; illegal loan
evening meal; dinner; supper
time; hour; period; class
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
sorry; excuse me; thank you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)