tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
idle talk; nonsense; fool; idiot; irresponsible; nonsensical
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
retirement (from work); leading a quiet life (after retirement); retired person; retiree; surrendering headship of the family (pre-WWII)
member of shogun's council of elders
misgovernment; misrule; bad government
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
common people; ordinary people; masses
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to offer (a suggestion, etc.); to propose (an idea, etc.); to approach with (a proposal, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
by means of; due to; because of; according to
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
sense; idea; desire; concern; attention; care
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
companions; friends; comrades; mates; partners
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case