bet; wager; stake; gamble
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
two persons; two people; pair; couple
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
please (give me); please (do for me)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to bow; to bow one's head; to apologize; to apologise; to bow to; to yield to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
suffix for familiar person
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to invite; to ask (someone to do); to tempt; to lure; to induce (tears, laughter, sleepiness, etc.); to arouse (e.g. sympathy)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to detain; to check; to restrain
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...