indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
blackmail; extortion; threat (to extort money)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
while; during (the time when)
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be needed; to be wanted
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
bye-bye; good-bye; see you; saying goodbye; parting
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
Tsu (city in Mie); harbour; harbor; ferry
how; in what way; how about
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(police) detective; criminal matter
frantic; frenetic; inevitable death; brinkmate (inevitable checkmate)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
denotes uncertainty; such things as A and B; A and B and so on; A and B and the like
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be found; to be discovered