indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to let pass; to allow through; to transmit (e.g. light, sound, etc.); to conduct (electricity); to stick through (e.g. a hole); to force through (e.g. an opening); to connect (e.g. two places)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
transactions; dealings; business
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
interruption; discontinuance; suspension; cancellation (of a planned event); calling off
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to cry; to shed tears; to suffer (from); to be troubled (by); to accept (an unreasonable request, loss, etc.); to do reluctantly
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); shinobu-wake (Edo-period women's hairstyle); clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
dad; dada; daddy; pa; papa; pappa
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
woman; female; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
even if; even though; although one might say; although called
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
look!; see!; here!; there!; hey!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to drink; to swallow; to smoke (tobacco); to swallow up; to engulf; to suppress (one's anger, bitter feelings, etc.); to keep down
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to calm down; to compose oneself; to calm down; to settle down; to settle down (in a location, job, etc.); to settle in; to be settled (of an arrangement, conclusion, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
marital quarrel; argument between husband and wife
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
apartment building; apartment block; apartment house; apartment
to roll in; to tumble into; to visit (esp. to stay overnight as an unwanted guest); to fall in one's way; to fall into one's lap
but; even so; still; that said
to lose (something); to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around (sexually; esp. of a male homosexual); having an active sex life
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)