once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
private tutor; coach; governess
woman; female; feminine gender
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
man; male; masculine gender
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take by deception; to defraud someone of; to swindle someone out of; to cheat someone out of
fraud; swindle; graft; saying you're going to do something but in the end not doing it; making promises without keeping them
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
murder; homicide; manslaughter
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
arrest; apprehension; capture
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
defense; defence; pleading; advocacy
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
letter; missive; note; mail
to send; to forward; to hand over (e.g. money)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
company; corporation; workplace
company president; manager; director
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
two persons; two people; pair; couple
bureau; department; office (e.g. post, telephone); broadcasting station (e.g. television, radio); affair; situation