indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
dry riverbed; river beach
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to wither (of a plant); to be blasted; to die; to mature (of one's personality, abilities, etc.)
Japanese pampas grass (Miscanthus sinensis); maiden silvergrass; zebra grass
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
two persons; two people; pair; couple
this world; this life; world of the living
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to bloom; to flower; to blossom; to open
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
association of like-minded people
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest