once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
evil; wickedness; (role of) the villain (in theatre, etc.); the bad guy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
user; consumer; master (e.g. of swordsmanship); prodigal; spendthrift
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
counter for small animals; counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size); (arch.) counter for horses; roll of cloth
middle-aged man; Buddhist priest
vigilance committee; vigilante corps
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
neighborhood; neighbourhood; street; block; town
to become overgrown; to grow thick; to spread; to run rampant; to thrive
wicked person; evil person; scoundrel; bad thing; mischief
secretly; in secret; unseen; unobserved; inwardly; in private
punishment; judgement; judgment
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
vice; immorality; corruption
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
wife; your wife; his wife; married lady; madam
marriage fraud; fake marriage
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; (arch.) five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou-dynasty Chinese army)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend