childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
violence; assault; rough (e.g. handling); reckless; rape; sexual assault
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
arm; skill; efforts; ability
to anticipate; to expect; to place confidence in; to put trust in; to find promising; to see good prospects (in)
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
concentricity; same mind; unanimity; policeman; constable in the Edo period
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
stamp (postage); merchandise certificate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
crowd of people; great number of people; in great numbers
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
wherein; therein; thereinto
number one; first; best; most; game; round
popular figure; person in demand; favorite; favourite
high-ranking noh actor; head of a school of noh performance; high ranking courtesan (esp. in Yoshiwara) (Edo-period); jōruri narrator; manzai narrator; female role actor in kabuki; low ranking priest in a Shinto shrine
principal street; main street; major road; thoroughfare
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
teahouse; (Edo period) rest stop; (geisha) teahouse; establishment where patrons are entertained by geisha; tea house (that sells tea); tea dealer
tatami room; tatami mat room; formal Japanese room; dinner party in a tatami room (esp. when a geisha or maiko attends)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work