childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unreasonable; irrational; outrageous; absurd
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to drift (to); to be washed ashore
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
older sister; elder sister
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
fine weather; fair weather
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
noisy; loud; annoying; troublesome; fussy; finicky
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come together; to join; to get married; to become a married couple
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as