indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
purposely (of something needless, unexpected or seemingly counterproductive, etc.); daringly (doing something); not necessarily; not particularly; (arch.) definitely not
to express (orally); to put into words; to say out loud
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
interior; inside; internal
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to let leak; to let out (e.g. light); to let out (a secret); to leak (information); to give utterance to (e.g. one's dissatisfaction); to vent; to wet one's pants
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
target area (e.g. archery); range (e.g. rifle, firing)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
shrine; palace; imperial residence; Imperial prince; Imperial princess; headboard with built-in shelves, drawers, etc.
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
hey!; wait a minute!; whoa!; boohoo; waaaa
pardon; forgiveness; forbearance
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
among these; between these; of these; in here; in this
offender; criminal; culprit
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
answer sheet; blank answer paper; examination paper; test paper
blank space; margin; blank canvas
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
cheating (on an examination); cribbing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
indictment; prosecution; complaint
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being