ninja; person trained in ninjutsu and employed for covert purposes in feudal Japan
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
metre; meter; meter; gauge
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
scarecrow; figurehead; dummy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
entry (on stage); appearance (on screen); entrance; introduction (into a market)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
Eiroku era (1558.2.28-1570.4.23)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do nothing but; to spend all one's time doing
rivalry of local warlords; a number of powerful (talented, influential) persons standing by themselves in a given field
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
fat; thick; deep (of a voice); thick; daring; shameless
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
won't; hasn't; isn't; won't you
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
food to fill one's stomach; something to satisfy one's hunger
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed