indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
to fall ill; to be taken ill
pregnancy; conception; gestation
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
childbirth; (giving) birth; delivery; production (of goods)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
deterioration; getting worse; worsening; aggravation; degeneration; corruption
case (container); case (instance, situation); case
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
seems to be; appears to have; supposed to be
(if) by some chance; by some possibility; in the unlikely event that; (unlikely event of) emergency; the worst(-case scenario)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
to be heard; to be audible; to sound (like); to come across (as); to be well known; to be famous
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
I, myself; one-self; by one-self; even I; even one
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
eighth month of the lunar calendar
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why