indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
rescue worker; emergency rescue team member; ambulance attendant; paramedic
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
storey; story; stairs; stage (in chronostratigraphy); counter for storeys and floors of a building
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to jump down; to jump off; to jump from; to jump out of
pattern; figure; state; condition; conjecture of the current situation; the way it seems; model
(hospital) nurse; registered nurse; RN
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
please (give me); please (do for me)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hate; to dislike; to loathe
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then