indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
threshold (esp. one with grooves for sliding doors); sill
to step over; to step across; to stride over; to stretch over; to span; to bridge
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; the present time; just now; another; more
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
among these; between these; of these
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
miserable; wretched; unhappy; sad; pitiable
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)