indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
family; members of a family
to avenge (somebody) by striking down their killer
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
person concerned; people involved (in an event); those concerned; staff
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
fraud; swindle; graft; saying you're going to do something but in the end not doing it; making promises without keeping them
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to arrive at (a certain outcome); to come to; to end with
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
interest; entertainment; pleasure; implicit comparison (style of the Shi Jing)
survival; survivor; relic
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
to be affected; to be influenced; to be concerned with; to have to do with; to stick to (opinions)