indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
violation; offense; offence; breach; transgression; infringement
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to raise; to bring to (someone's attention); to appeal to (reason, emotions, etc.); to work on (one's emotions); to complain; to sue (a person)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
declining; refusal; rejection; announcement; notice
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
logs in bark; rough wood; unseasoned timber; new lumber
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to quiet; to calm down; to compose oneself; to settle down
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
I don't know ...; how about ...?; I wonder; what about ..?
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)