indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
doll cake; sponge cake in various shapes filled with red bean paste
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
wasabi (Wasabia japonica); Japanese horseradish
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
red bean paste; red bean jam; kudzu sauce; filling (of a dumpling, etc.); filling; stuffing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
your husband; her husband
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
just; right; pure; genuine; truth
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; in passing
entering; setting (of the Sun); containing; content; income; beginning
Kaga (former province located in the south of present-day Ishikawa Prefecture)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...