indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to commit suicide; to end one's life; (lit.) to choose death
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to bear; to stand; to support; to withstand; to be fit for; to be equal to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
common camellia (Camellia japonica)
hill; height; knoll; bonus points awarded to the winner at the end of a game
senior high school; high school
guidance; leadership; instruction; shido (disciplinary action for a minor infringement of the rules of judo)
intersection; crossing; crossroad; street corner; street
ago; since; before; previous
pupil; student; schoolchild
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bear; to carry on one's back; to take responsibility for; to accept a duty; to receive (wound); to incur (damage)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to condemn; to blame; to urge; to press; to torture; to torment
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
in that way; thus; so; so?
(divine) punishment; curse; retribution