sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
special adoption; plenary adoption; adoption in which the relationship with the biological parents is dissolved
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
system; institution; organization; organisation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
biological parent; real parent
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
boy; son; baby boy; young man
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
determination; resolution
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
father; dad; husband; you; he
to strike; to clap; to play drums; to abuse; to bash; to consult; to sound out