sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
cry (of an animal); call; chirp; song; caw; roar
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
special adoption; plenary adoption; adoption in which the relationship with the biological parents is dissolved
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
system; institution; organization; organisation
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
biological parent; real parent
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to use (a brush, chopsticks, etc.); to move
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
boy; son; baby boy; young man
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
parent; parents; dealer; banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
determination; resolution
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young woman; young (animal); offshoot
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
to strike; to hit; to attack; to bash; to sound out (someone's views); to pound (meat or fish); to chop into small pieces