indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
consequence; outcome; result; blame
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
anything and everything; just about everything
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
cracking sound (e.g. cracking one's knuckles); crunching sound
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to break; to be broken; to be folded; to give in; to back down; to turn (a corner)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
to be broken; to break; to fall through; to come to nothing
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
listen!; you see; mind you; remember
stillness; quiet; peacefulness
name; given name; first name
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
changing one's attitude; turning over a new leaf; getting a fresh start
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
How do you do?; I am glad to meet you
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace