indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(camera) shutter; shutter (for a door, window, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
childbirth; (giving) birth; delivery; production (of goods)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
heh-heh; hee-hee; ha ha; (arch.) female genitals; (arch.) vagina; (arch.) vulva
Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
seedling; young plant; rice seedling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
seed (e.g. of a plant); pip; material (e.g. for an article); matter (e.g. of a story); ingredient; leaven (bread); cause
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to recommend (someone to do); to advise; to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest; to offer (a drink, cigarette, seat, etc.)
cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
shiso (Perilla frutescens var. crispa); perilla; beefsteak plant
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
bell pepper (esp. red and yellow); capsicum; paprika (spice made from sweet peppers)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
your home; your family; their home; (my) home
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
bento; Japanese box lunch
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mother-in-law; foster mother; step mother
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged