mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
impertinent; impudent; saucy; cheeky
suffix appended to someone else's family members
headquarters; head office; main office
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to stay at (e.g. hotel); to be docked; to be berthed; to be moored
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
I'm off (and will be back later); see you later; to go (and then come back)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
imitation (of someone, something); impersonation; (vocal) mimicry
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
maiko; apprentice geisha (in Kyoto)
person in charge; senior staff; manager; chief; head
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
why; how; for what reason
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
automobile manufacturer; car maker
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
name; given name; first name
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
state (of affairs); situation; appearance; look(s); sign; indication
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
new rice; first rice crop of the year; novice; beginner; newcomer