effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
consideration; inquiry; enquiry; investigation; study
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
two kinds; second-class (e.g. mail)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
indirection; indirectness
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
source (of a spring, etc.); source (of payment, energy, knowledge, etc.); origin; wellspring
is something that; is that which
current; urgent; to confront (an issue); to face (up to something); for the meantime; at present
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
on the occasion of; at the time of
making strenuous efforts; exerting oneself
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
apt to (do); liable to; prone to
invalid; void; ineffective; unavailable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to raise; to bring to (someone's attention); to appeal to (reason, emotions, etc.); to work on (one's emotions); to complain; to sue (a person)
to lament; to grieve; to regret; to deplore
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
existence or nonexistence; presence or absence; consent or refusal; yes or no
by means of; due to; because of; according to
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
without; but if; otherwise; or else
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...